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Social science is the branch of science dedicated to the study of human societies and the relationships between individuals within those societies. The term was previously used to refer to the field of sociology, the original "science of society" established in the 19th century. In addition to sociology, it now encompasses a wide range of academic disciplines, including anthropology, archeology, economics, human geography, linguistics, management science, media studies, musicology, political science, psychology, wellness and nursing studies, and history Social.
Positivist social scientists use methods that resemble those of the natural sciences as tools for understanding society, and thus define science in its strictest modern sense. Interpretive social scientists, by contrast, can use social criticism or symbolic interpretation instead of constructing empirically falsifiable theories and therefore treating science in its broadest sense. In modern academic practice, researchers are often eclectic, using multiple methodologies (eg, combining quantitative and qualitative research). The term "social research" has also acquired a certain degree of autonomy as professionals from various disciplines share their goals and methods.
The history of the social sciences begins in the Age of Enlightenment after 1650, which saw a revolution within natural philosophy, changing the basic framework by which individuals understood what was "scientific". The social sciences arose from the moral philosophy of the time and were influenced by the Age of Revolutions, such as the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. The social sciences were developed from the sciences (experimental and applied), or the systematic knowledge bases or prescriptive practices, related to the social improvement of a group of entities that interact.
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The beginnings of the social sciences in the 18th century are reflected in Diderot's great encyclopedia, with articles by Jean-Jacques Rousseau and other pioneers. The growth of the social sciences is also reflected in other specialized encyclopedias. The modern period saw "social science" first used as a distinct conceptual field. The social sciences were influenced by positivism, focusing on knowledge based on the actual experience of the positive senses and avoiding the negative; Metaphysical speculation was avoided. Auguste Comte used the term "social science" to describe the field, taken from the ideas of Charles Fourier; Comte also referred to the field as social physics.
After this period, five development paths emerged in the social sciences, influenced by Comte in other fields. One route that was taken was the emergence of social research. Large statistical surveys were conducted in various parts of the United States and Europe. Another route undertaken was started by Émile Durkheim, studying "social facts", and Vilfredo Pareto, opening metatheoretical ideas and individual theories. A third developed medium, derived from the present methodological dichotomy, in which social phenomena were identified and understood; This was defended by figures like Max Weber.
The fourth route taken, based on economics, developed and promoted economic knowledge as a hard science. The last path was the correlation of knowledge and social values; Antipositivism and Max Weber's verstehen sociology strongly demanded this distinction. On this route, theory (description) and prescription were formal, non-overlapping discussions of a topic.
A book is a means of recording information in the form of writing or images, typically consisting of many pages (made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, or paper) joined together and protected by a cover. The technical term for this physical arrangement is codex (plural, codices). In the history of portable physical media for extended compositions or written records, the codex replaces its immediate predecessor, the scroll. A single sheet in a codex is a sheet, and each side of a sheet is a page.
As a intellectual object, a book is prototypically a composition of such a large length that it requires a considerable investment of time to compose and a considerable investment, although not so extensive, of time to read. This sense of the book has a restricted and unrestricted meaning. In the restricted sense, a book is a self-sufficient section or part of a longer composition, a use that reflects the fact that, in ancient times, long jobs had to be written on multiple scrolls, and each scroll had to be identified by reserving it content. So, for example, eachpart of Aristotle's Physics is called a book. In the unrestricted sense, a book is the total composition of which such sections, be they books, chapters, or parts, are parts.
The intellectual content of a physical book need not be a composition, or even be called a book. Books can consist only of drawings, prints or photographs, or things like crossword puzzles or cut-out dolls. In a physical book, the pages may be left blank or may present an abstract set of lines to support ongoing entries, for example, an account book, an appointment book, an autograph book, a notebook, a journal, or a sketchbook. Some physical books are made with pages thick and sturdy enough to support other physical objects, such as a scrapbook or photo album. Books can be distributed electronically as electronic books and other formats.
Although a monograph is understood in ordinary academic language to be a specialized academic paper, rather than a reference paper on a single academic subject, library and information science monograph more broadly denotes any complete non-serial publication in one volume (book) or a finite number of volumes (including a novel like Proust's seven-volume Inust of Lost Time), in contrast to serial publications like a magazine, newspaper or newspaper.
An avid reader or collector of books is a bibliophile or colloquially, "bookworm". A store where books are bought and sold is a bookstore or bookstore. The books are also sold elsewhere. Books can also be borrowed from libraries. Google has estimated that as of 2010, approximately 130,000,000 different titles had been published. In some wealthier nations, the sale of printed books has decreased due to the increased use of electronic books.
